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Directional statistics is the subdiscipline of statistics that deals with directions , axes or rotations in R. More generally, directional statistics deals with observations on compact Riemannian manifolds including the Stiefel manifold.
The fact that 0 degrees and 360 degrees are identical angles, so that for example 180 degrees is not a sensible mean of 2 degrees and 358 degrees, provides one illustration that special statistical methods are required for the analysis of some types of data. Other examples of data that may be regarded as directional include statistics involving temporal periods , compass directions, dihedral angles in molecules, orientations, rotations and so on.
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