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During seismic exploration, P-waves penetrate down into the earth. When a P-wave hits an interface , it can reflect upwards as an S-wave. Other P-wave to S-wave conversions can occur, but the down-up conversion is the primary focus. Unlike P-waves, converted shear waves are largely unaffected by fluids. By analyzing the original and converted waves, seismologists obtain additional subsurface information, especially due to differential velocity , asymmetry in the waves' angles of incidence and reflection and amplitude variations.
As opposed to analysis of P-wave to P-wave reflection, c-wave analysis is more complex. C-wave analysis requires at least three times as many measurement channels per station. Variations in reflection depths can cause significant analytic problems. Gathering, mapping, and binning c-wave data is also more difficult than P-P data. However, c-wave analysis can provide additional information needed to create a three-dimensional depth image of rock type, structure, and saturant. For example, changes in VS with respect to VP suggest changing lithology and pore geometry.