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Glass poling is the physical process through which the distribution of the electrical charges is changed. In principle, the charges are randomly distributed and no permanent electric field exists inside the glass.
When the charges are moved and fixed at a place then a permanent field will be recorded in the glass. This electric field will permit various optical functions in the glass, impossible otherwise. The resulting effect would be like having positive and negative poles as in a battery, but inside an optical fibre.
The effect will be a change of the optical fibre properties. For instance glass poling will permit to realize second-harmonic light generation which consists of converting an input light into another wavelength, twice the original radiation. For instance a near infrared radiation around 1030 nm could be converted with this process to the 515 nm wavelength, corresponding to green light.
Glass poling also allows for the creation of the linear electro-optic effect that can be used for other functions like light modulation.