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In semiconductors, valence bands are well characterized by 3 Luttinger parameters. At the Г-point in the band structure, p 3 / 2 {\displaystyle p_{3/2}} and p 1 / 2 {\displaystyle p_{1/2}} orbitals form valence bands. But spin–orbit coupling splits sixfold degeneracy into high energy 4-fold and lower energy 2-fold bands. Again 4-fold degeneracy is lifted into heavy- and light hole bands by phenomenological Hamiltonian by J. M. Luttinger.
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