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Kramers' law is a formula for the spectral distribution of X-rays produced by an electron hitting a solid target. The formula concerns only bremsstrahlung radiation, not the element specific characteristic radiation. It is named after its discoverer, the Dutch physicist Hendrik Anthony Kramers.
The formula for Kramers' law is usually given as the distribution of intensity I {\displaystyle I} against the wavelength λ {\displaystyle \lambda } of the emitted radiation:
The constant K is proportional to the atomic number of the target element, and λ m i n {\displaystyle \lambda _{min}} is the minimum wavelength given by the Duane–Hunt law. The maximum intensity is K 4 λ m i n 2 d λ {\displaystyle {\frac {K}{4\lambda _{min}^{2}}}d\lambda } at 2 λ m i n {\displaystyle 2\lambda _{min}}.
The intensity described above is a particle flux and not an energy flux as can be seen by the fact that theintegral over values from λ m i n {\displaystyle \lambda _{min}} to ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } is infinite. However, theintegral of the energy flux is finite.