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Thioredoxins are small disulfide-containing redox proteins that have been found in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Thioredoxin serves as a general protein disulfide oxidoreductase. It interacts with a broad range of proteins by a redox mechanism based on reversible oxidation of 2 cysteine thiol groups to a disulfide, accompanied by the transfer of 2 electrons and 2 protons. The net result is the covalent interconversion of a disulfide and a dithiol.
TR-S2 + NADPH + H -> TR-2 + NADP
trx-S2 + TR-2 -> trx-2 + TR-S2
Protein-S2 + trx-2 -> Protein-2 + trx-S2
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