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The variability hypothesis, also known as the greater male variability hypothesis, is the hypothesis that males display greater variability in most traits than females do.
It has often been discussed in relation to human cognitive ability, where some studies show that males are more likely than females to have either very high or very low IQ test scores. In this context, there is controversy over whether such sex-based differences in the variability of intelligence exist, and if so, whether they are caused by genetic differences, environmental conditioning, or a mixture of both.
Sex-differences in variability have been observed in many abilities and traits –– including physical, psychological and genetic ones –– across a wide range of sexually dimorphic species.