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Option 4 : Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
The correct answer is Option 4.
Poverty in India in the 20th Century:
- From 1951 to 1974, in India’s first quarter-century of independence, the percentage of its population living in poverty rose from 47 to 56 per cent.
- In headcount terms, the number of poor people rose steadily from 171 million in 1951 to 321 million in 1974.
- Less than a sixth of Indians were literate.
- The abject poverty and sharp social differences had cast doubts on India’s survival as one nation.
- Hence, During the 20th century, poverty and poor people have become the subject of our concern and duty. Hence, (A) is true.
Reasons for the Failure of Poverty Alleviation Programmes:
- Due to the unequal distribution of land and other assets, the benefits from direct poverty alleviation programs have been appropriated by the non-poor.
- Compared to the magnitude of poverty, the number of resources allocated for these programs is not sufficient.
- Moreover, these programs depend mainly on government and bank officials for their implementation.
- Since such officials are ill-motivated, inadequately trained, corruption-prone, and vulnerable to pressure from a variety of local elites, the resources are inefficiently used and wasted.
- There is also non-participation of local-level institutions in program implementation.
- Government schemes have also failed to address the vast majority of vulnerable people who are living on or just above the poverty line.
- It also reveals that high growth alone is not sufficient to reduce poverty. Without the active participation of the poor, the successful implementation of any program is not possible. Hence, (R) is a true and correct explanation of (A).
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