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  1. Russia
  2. Denmark 
  3. Italy 
  4. Prussia 
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Option 3 : Italy 

The correct answer is Italy.

  • Political fragmentation refers to the process of redistributing functions, powers, or people away from a central authority by incorporating autonomous entities such as municipalities and special districts.

  1. Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multinational Habsburg empire.
  2. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely House.
  3. The North was under Austrian Habsburg, the center was ruled by the pope and the Southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
  4. Even the Italian language had not any standard common form. It had many regional and local variations.

Hence, Italy faced a long period of fragmentation.

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