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Doctors Medicines MCQs Q&A

  1. Experimental Research
  2. Ex-post facto Research
  3. Ethnographic Research
  4. Survey Research
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Option 3 : Ethnographic Research

A paradigm is a model of the functions and interrelationships of a process, a ‘way of thinking about something, and how to study it. There is a difference between natural sciences and social sciences and so is the difference between research approaches relating to them. Hence, there are two competing paradigms to acquire knowledge. The paradigms are grouped as positivist paradigm and interpretive paradigms.

Positivist paradigm

Interpretive paradigms
  • Positivism mainly adheres to the idea that ‘factual’ knowledge gained through observation (senses and measurement) is trustworthy.
  • Positivism depends on quantifiable observations that lead to statistical analyses.
  • Here, the role of the researcher is limited to data collection and interpretation in an objective way. He is independent of the study and there are no provisions for human interests within the study.
  • Positivists usually adopt a deductive approach, the concentration is on facts.
  • The researcher is independent which means maintaining minimal interaction with participants and research is purely objective and the world is external.
  • There is one reality, knowable within probability.
  • It is usually associated with qualitative research strategies.
  • It is specifically applicable in social sciences, such as sociology, political science, etc.
  • According to the interpretive approach, the research design should be flexible and unstructured, the methods should be valid and the research design should generate small-scale and intensive data, using insider accounts and based on descriptions of what is seen and what is heard.

Ethnographic Research:

  1. It is one of the important methods and approaches used in qualitative research.
  2. It is the process of studying and describing a culture (culture is the shared attitudes, values, norms, practices, language, and material things of a group of people).
  3. Ethnographic research is an in-depth form of research where people are observed in their natural environment without any changes.
  4. It intends to provide an insider’s picture of a community under study.
  5. A researcher may go and live in that specific community and study the culture and their educational practices. 

Hence, In Ethnographic Research, the focus of concern is on interpreting reality in terms of the participants' perspective.

1) Experimental method

  • It is designed for establishing causal relationships between two or more variables.
  • In this method, an independent variable is manipulated.
  • All other variables except the independent variable are held constant.
  • The effect of the manipulation of the independent variable on the dependent variable is observed.

2) Ex post-Facto Method           

  • An ex-post-facto the researcher attempts to trace an effect that has already occurred to its probable causes. 
  • The researcher has no direct control over the independent variable because it has occurred much prior to producing its effects.

3) Survey Research:

  • It is the most common methodology used to gather information especially if the group to be studied is large in size.
  • The objective is to collect data, interpret it, analyze it, and then report it.
  • A questionnaire is one of the ways to conduct survey research.
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Related Questions

In the question below, are given a statement followed by three courses of actions numbered I, II and III. On the basis of the information given, you have to assume everything in the statement to be true, and then decide which of the suggested courses of action logically follow(s) for pursuing. Statement: The rupee may slump to a new low this year amid global policy uncertainties while domestic interest rates will remain elevated, raising borrowing costs, according to an ET poll of 20 market participants. Nearly three-fourths of the respondents believe the local unit could touch 69 to the dollar with some even pointing to 70 by December-end. The rupee is one of the worst-performing emerging market currencies this year, having lost about 6.7 per cent to the greenback to close at 68.13 on Monday. Courses of action: I. Indian corporates may borrow less ahead of elections with the likely benchmark rate at 8 per cent or more. Half the poll participants were of the opinion that the benchmark yield will either hover around that level or rise further. II. External factors coupled with domestic macro measures like weak current account deficit or fiscal deficit are likely to impact the rupee. The US Fed seems to be on course to raise rates.  III. Upcoming elections trigger a bit of policy uncertainty. A cocktail of factors including dollar strengthening, foreign fund outflows, general emerging market weakness and oil would continue to weigh on the rupee.?
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