1. Preoperational stage
  2. Sensorimotor stage
  3. Concrete operational stage
  4. Formal operational stage
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Option 4 : Formal operational stage

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages. 

  • He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

According to Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory:

  • Cognitive development takes place at different rates at different stages of development.
  • Cognition develops through the interaction between the child and the environment.
  • Piaget’s theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of the child’s intelligence.

According to Piaget, in the 'Formal Operational Period', the child develops abstract thinking and begins to think logically about abstract propositions as in this period:

  • mental capabilities develop to the maximum level.
  • metacognition and problem-solving skills develop in children.
  • children understand the world through abstract & scientific thinking.
  • children become capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning.

Hence, it could be concluded that according to Jean Piaget, the final stage of cognitive development in which the child develops abstract thinking is the 'Formal Operational Stage'.

 

Other Three Stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory:

Stage

Development

Sensorimotor

(0 to 2 years)

  • In this stage, infants progressively construct an understanding of the world by using their senses along with physical interactions with objects.
  • The development of object permanence is one of the most important accomplishments of this stage.

Pre-operational

(2 to 7 years) 

  • Children develop memory, curiosity, and imagination.
  • They are also able to understand things symbolically (playing house, having a tea party).
  • Thinking is egocentric and doesn’t consider other’s viewpoints.

Concrete Operational

(7 to 12 years)

  • Ability to distinguish between their own thoughts and the thoughts of others
  • Children can classify objects by their number, mass, etc.
  • Ability to think logically about objects and events

The formal operational stage begins at approximately age eleven and lasts till adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses.

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