Which of the following are constraints to the use of TQM in construction process 1. A transient labour force 2. The construction process is relatively short in duration 3. Hierarchical and vertical organization structure 4. The construction process has not focused on the detailed needs of the customer Select the correct answer using the codes given below:?

Option 3 : 1 and 2 only

Explanation:

• TQM is a process-oriented management system and considers the complete organization as integrated, is customer focussed, demands continuous improvement, and fact-based decision making to meet the quality standards as planned and desired during the planning stage.
• The construction activities have seasonal workforce availability and training of the workforce is difficult due to the variation of the workers at the job site.
• This transient nature of the workforce is the major reason TQM cannot be used in the construction field as it involves the training of the workforce.
• The construction process is relatively short in duration.
• The first key concept of TQM is the focus on customer satisfaction. Contractors cannot exist without customers. Clearly, to meet customers' needs a process must be in place to identify the customer's needs and expectations. To satisfy customers, contractors must not only meet all technical specifications but also be perceived as meeting all the other non-technical expectations of customers.
• Also, the construction field has focussed on the detailed needs of the customer requirements.