Travoprost

Introduction

Travoprost is a synthetic prostaglandin F2α analog used primarily to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in individuals with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. By lowering the IOP, it helps prevent damage to the optic nerve and reduces the risk of vision loss associated with glaucoma.

Uses

Travoprost is used to treat:

Open-angle glaucoma
Ocular hypertension

It is typically prescribed when other medications, such as beta-blockers, are insufficient in controlling intraocular pressure.

Brand Name	Travoprost
Type
Weight
Generic	Travoprost
Manufacturer
Available in	English বাংলা

Mechanism of Action

Travoprost works by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye through the uveoscleral pathway, reducing intraocular pressure. It mimics the action of prostaglandin F2α, a naturally occurring compound in the body that helps regulate fluid dynamics in the eye.

How Long Does It Take to Work?

Travoprost begins to reduce intraocular pressure within 2 hours of application, with maximum effect typically occurring after 12 hours. Consistent use is necessary for maintaining therapeutic results, and the full benefit may be seen after several weeks of regular use.

Absorption

Travoprost is absorbed through the cornea following topical administration. It is rapidly hydrolyzed to its active metabolite, travoprost free acid, which is responsible for the reduction in intraocular pressure. Systemic absorption is minimal, and plasma concentrations remain low.

Route of Elimination

Travoprost is metabolized primarily in the cornea and is extensively hydrolyzed into its active form. The metabolites are excreted primarily via the kidneys in the urine. The systemic elimination is rapid, minimizing the risk of systemic side effects.

Dosage

Use in adults: The recommended dose is one drops of Travoprost in the conjunctival sac of the affected eye (s) once daily in the evening, If more than one topical ophthalmic product is being used, the medicines must be administered at least 5 minutes apart. When substituting another ophthalmic antiglaucoma agent with Travoprost, discontinue the other agent and start the following day with Travoprost.

Pediatric patients: The efficacy and safety of travoprost eye drops in patients below the age of 18 years have not been established.

The typical dosage of Travoprost is:

For Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension: One drop in the affected eye(s) once daily in the evening.

Increasing the dose beyond once daily is not recommended, as it may reduce the drug’s effectiveness.

Administration

Travoprost is administered topically as eye drops:

Wash hands before and after using the eye drops.
Tilt the head back slightly and pull down the lower eyelid to create a small pocket.
Place one drop into the affected eye(s) and close the eyes for 1-2 minutes, pressing on the tear duct to prevent systemic absorption.
Avoid touching the tip of the dropper to the eye or surrounding surfaces to prevent contamination.

Side Effects

Common side effects include:

Ocular hyperemia (redness of the eye)
Blurred vision
Itching or irritation of the eyes
Eyelash changes (increased length and thickness)
Increased pigmentation of the iris (especially in patients with mixed-color irises)

Rare but serious side effects may include:

Eye pain or swelling
Changes in vision

Toxicity

Travoprost has a low risk of toxicity when used as directed. Overuse can cause excessive reduction of intraocular pressure or increased ocular side effects, such as inflammation or irritation. Systemic toxicity is unlikely due to low systemic absorption, but potential risks include hypotension and respiratory effects if accidentally ingested in large amounts.

Precautions

Travoprost should be used with caution in:

Patients with a history of intraocular inflammation or uveitis
Patients with aphakia or pseudophakia with torn posterior lens capsule, as this may increase the risk of macular edema
Patients with risk factors for iris pigmentation changes, as the drug can cause irreversible darkening of the iris

Interaction

Travoprost can interact with:

Other intraocular pressure-lowering medications (additive effects may occur)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which may reduce the effectiveness of prostaglandin analogs

No significant systemic drug interactions are expected due to minimal systemic absorption.

Disease Interaction

Caution is advised when using Travoprost in patients with:

Active or history of intraocular inflammation (uveitis)
Macular edema or retinal disorders

Travoprost should not be used in cases of active ocular infections.

Drug Interaction

Drug interactions with Travoprost are rare due to its local administration and minimal systemic absorption. However, caution should be used when combining it with other eye medications, as the risk of side effects may increase. Co-administration with other prostaglandin analogs is generally not recommended.

Food Interactions

No significant food interactions have been reported with Travoprost . Its effects are independent of food intake.

Pregnancy Use

Travoprost is classified as pregnancy category C. Animal studies have shown adverse effects on the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in humans. It should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefits justify the risks to the fetus.

Lactation Use

It is not known whether Travoprost is excreted in human breast milk. Due to the potential for adverse effects on the infant, caution should be exercised when administering Travoprost to breastfeeding mothers.

Acute Overdose

Acute overdose of Travoprost is unlikely due to its low systemic absorption when used as eye drops. If an overdose occurs, flushing the eye with water or saline solution and seeking medical attention is recommended. In case of accidental ingestion, supportive measures and monitoring are advised.

Contraindication

Travoprost is contraindicated in:

Patients with a known hypersensitivity to Travoprost or any of its components
Patients with active ocular infections

Use Direction

Travoprost should be used exactly as prescribed:

One drop should be instilled in the affected eye(s) once daily in the evening.
Do not exceed the recommended dose, as more frequent dosing may reduce effectiveness.
If using other topical ophthalmic medications, administer them at least 5 minutes apart.

Storage Conditions

Travoprost should be stored at room temperature (15-25°C or 59-77°F). Keep the bottle tightly closed and protect it from light and moisture. It should not be frozen, and the cap should be kept tightly sealed when not in use to avoid contamination.

Volume of Distribution

The volume of distribution for Travoprost is not well defined due to its local administration and minimal systemic absorption.

Half-Life

The half-life of Travoprost following ocular administration is approximately 45 minutes. The drug is rapidly cleared from the systemic circulation, minimizing systemic exposure.

Clearance

Travoprost is rapidly cleared from the body following metabolism in the eye and liver. The metabolites are primarily excreted in the urine, with minimal systemic accumulation.

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