Hydrochlorothiazide

Introduction

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a commonly prescribed thiazide diuretic (water pill) used for treating high blood pressure (hypertension). It can also be used to treat edema related to congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and kidney problems.

Uses

Hydrochlorothiazide is used primarily to treat hypertension and edema. It is also used in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, which is a kidney disorder occurring in people with diabetes. It has also been used to treat nephrocalcinosis, a condition involving the buildup of certain minerals in the kidneys.

Mechanism of Action

Hydrochlorothiazide works by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-) by the kidneys, causing an increased amount of sodium and potassium, and water, to be expelled from the body in the urine. This increases urine production (diuresis). In addition, it decreases the amount of calcium and uric acid that is reabsorbed into the body, making the urine more concentrated and improved blood circulation.

How Long Does it Take to Work?

Hydrochlorothiazide begins to work immediately, although its effects may not be fully realized for up to four weeks.

Absorption, Route of Elimination, and Dosage

Hydrochlorothiazide is administered orally and is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. It is eliminated mainly through the kidneys. Typical dosages range from 12.5 to 25 mg per day, depending on the condition being treated.

Administration

Hydrochlorothiazide is typically taken orally once a day in the morning. It is important to drink plenty of water while taking Hydrochlorothiazide to ensure adequate hydration.

Side Effects

Common side effects of Hydrochlorothiazide include: headache, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, and lassitude. Other side effects may include: skin rash, hypotension, anemia, electrolyte imbalance, increased cholesterol levels, increased uric acid levels, and impotence.

Toxicity

Hydrochlorothiazide is considered safe when taken at recommended dosages. Overdose, however, can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, increased risk of kidney stones, and in extreme cases, coma or death.

Precaution

Hydrochlorothiazide should be used with caution in people who have diabetes, liver or kidney disease, heart failure, electrolyte imbalance, or are elderly. It should not be used at all in people who are allergic to sulfonamides or thiazide diuretics.

Interaction

Hydrochlorothiazide may interact with other medications such as lithium, digoxin, NSAIDs, oral contraceptives, and certain antibiotics. It is important to tell your doctor all medications you are taking to avoid potential interactions.

Disease Interactions

Hydrochlorothiazide may interact with certain diseases, such as diabetes, gout, lupus, and electrolyte imbalance. People with these diseases should avoid taking Hydrochlorothiazide without consulting their doctor.

Drug Interactions

Hydrochlorothiazide may interact with certain drugs, such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and NSAIDs.

Food Interactions

Hydrochlorothiazide can interact with certain foods, such as salt, alcohol, and caffeine. It is important to avoid these foods while taking Hydrochlorothiazide .

Pregnancy Use

There is not enough research to determine the safety of Hydrochlorothiazide during pregnancy. Therefore, pregnant women should not take Hydrochlorothiazide without consulting with their doctor.

Lactation Use

It is not known whether Hydrochlorothiazide passes into breast milk and therefore, it should be avoided in breastfeeding women.

Acute Overdose

In the event of an acute overdose, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Symptoms of Hydrochlorothiazide overdose may include: nausea, vomiting, weakness, shaking, confusion, seizures, coma, and death.

Contraindications

Hydrochlorothiazide should not be used in patients who are hypersensitive to sulfonamides or thiazide diuretics. In addition, it should not be used in patients with severe renal impairment, anuria, or hypersensitivity to sulfonamides.

Use Direction

Hydrochlorothiazide should be taken exactly as directed by your healthcare provider. Typically, it is taken once a day in the morning with water. It is important not to change the dosage without consulting your healthcare provider.

Storage Condition

Hydrochlorothiazide should be stored at room temperature, away from direct sunlight and heat. Keep it in a tightly closed container and away from pets.