At present, scientists can determine the arrangement or relative positions of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us? 1. It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock. 2. It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases. 3. It is possible to develop disease-resistant animal breeds. Which of the statements given below is/are correct?

At present, scientists can determine the arrangement or relative positions of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us? 1. It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock. 2. It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases. 3. It is possible to develop disease-resistant animal breeds. Which of the statements given below is/are correct? Correct Answer 1 and 3 only

The correct answer is 1 and 3 only.

  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique.
    • DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction.

Key Points

  • DNA sequencing is an important tool for determining the thousands of nucleotide variations associated with specific genetic diseases. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. 
    • Individual genetic profiling is already being used routinely to prescribe therapies for patients with HIV, breast cancer, lymphoblastic leukemia and colon cancer and in the future will be used to tailor treatments for cardiovascular disease, cancer, asthma, Alzheimer's disease and depression. 
  • DNA sequencing also underpins pharmacogenomics.
    • This is a relatively new field that is leading the way to more personalized medicine.
    • Pharmacogenomics looks at how a person's individual genome variations affect their response to a drug. 
  • Beyond medicine, DNA sequencing is now used for-
    • Genetic testing for paternity and other family relationships.
    • It also helps identify crime suspects and victims involved in catastrophes.
    • The technique is also vital to detecting bacteria and other organisms that may pollute the air, water, soil and food.
    • In addition, the method is important to the study of the evolution of different population groups and their migratory patterns as well as determining pedigree for seed or livestock. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
    • It is possible to develop disease-resistant animal breeds. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Additional Information

  • Where is DNA found? 
    • In organisms called eukaryotes, DNA is found inside a special area of the cell called the nucleus. Because the cell is very small, and because organisms have many DNA molecules per cell, each DNA molecule must be tightly packaged. This packaged form of the DNA is called a chromosome.
    • Besides the DNA located in the nucleus, humans and other complex organisms also have a small amount of DNA in cell structures known as mitochondria.
      • Mitochondria generate the energy the cell needs to function properly.
  • What is DNA made of?
    • DNA is made of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. (Asked in UPSC CAPF Exam)
    • These building blocks are made of three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar group and one of four types of nitrogen bases.
    • To form a strand of DNA, nucleotides are linked into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating.
    • The four types of nitrogen bases found in nucleotides are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C).
      • The order, or sequence, of these bases, determines what biological instructions are contained in a strand of DNA.
      • For example, the sequence ATCGTT might instruct for blue eyes, while ATCGCT might instruct for brown.
    • The complete DNA instruction book, or genome, for a human, contains about 3 billion bases and about 20,000 genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes.
  • What does DNA do?
    • DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.
    • To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be used to produce proteins, which are the complex molecules that do most of the work in our bodies.
    • Each DNA sequence that contains instructions to make a protein is known as a gene.
      • The size of a gene may vary greatly, ranging from about 1,000 bases to 1 million bases in humans.
      • Genes only make up about 1 percent of the DNA sequence. 
    • How are DNA sequences used to make proteins?
      • DNA's instructions are used to make proteins in a two-step process. First, enzymes read the information in a DNA molecule and transcribe it into an intermediary molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA.
      • Next, the information contained in the mRNA molecule is translated into the "language" of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.
      • This language tells the cell's protein-making machinery the precise order in which to link the amino acids to produce a specific protein. This is a major task because there are 20 types of amino acids, which can be placed in many different orders to form a wide variety of proteins.
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Related Questions

At present, scientists can determine the arrangement or relative positions of genes of DNA sequences on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us?1. It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock.
2. It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases.
3. It is possible to develop disease-resistant animal breeds.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
At present, scientists can determine the arrangement of relative positions of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us?
1. It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock.
2. It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases.
3. It is possible to develop disease resistant animal breeds.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
At present, scientists can determine the arragement or relative position of genes or DNA sequence on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us?
1. It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock.
2. It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases.
3. It is possible to develop disease resistant animal breeds.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
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Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer:
1. In the phenomenon of linkage and crossing over, the genes are arranged in a linear order in a chromosome
2. The linkage groups in an organism are equivalent to the number of chromosome pairs
3. The chances of crossing over are more between two closely placed genes as compared to the genes placed in far proximity
4. The position of genes is very definite in the chromatid
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