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In the generation of element geometries, if dx dy represents an area element in the real element and dεdη represents the corresponding area element in the master element, then what is the expression for Jacobian je?
At the interface between two linear dielectrics (with dielectric constants $${{\varepsilon _1}}$$ and $${{\varepsilon _2}}$$), the electric field lines bend, as shown in the figure. Assume that there are no free charges at the interface. The ratio $$\frac{{{\varepsilon _1}}}{{{\varepsilon _2}}}$$ is
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In which of the following report redefined the role of state?