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Principles of general surgery
Urogenital system
Gastro-intestinal surgery
Infections
Breast and nipple
General anaesthesia
Neuro-surgery
Paediatric surgery
Hepato-biliary surgery
Orthopaedics surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery
Radiology
Questions
Universal precaution against hepatitis B virus infection during surgery are wearing
ক
Double gloves
খ
Special spectacles for eye protection
গ
Protective shoes
ঘ
Personal protective equipment
ঙ
N95 mask
Regarding Covid-19 +ve surgical patient needs
ক
Dedicated Covid-19 operation room
খ
Life saving operation
গ
Conservative management if possible
ঘ
Standard operation room
ঙ
Any surgical team
The metabolic effects following a severe head injury include/s
ক
Accelerated gluconeogenesis
খ
Mobilization of fat stores
গ
Respiratory alkalosis
ঘ
Decreased aldosterone secretion
ঙ
Protein anabolism
Following a major surgical procedure there is
ক
An increase in plasma cortisol level
খ
A negative nitrogen balance
গ
Potassium retention
ঘ
A negative sodium balance
ঙ
A decrease tendency for the blood to clot
Metabolic response to trauma
ক
Catecholamine are increased
খ
Volume depletion
গ
ADH is decrease
ঘ
Aldosterone is decreased
ঙ
Muscle catabolism and nitrogen loss
Following metabolic events occur in response to trauma
ক
Increased growth hormone
খ
Increased ACTH
গ
Decreased ADH
ঘ
Increased urine output
ঙ
Decreased glucagon
Regarding metabolic response to trauma and sepsis
ক
Increased nitrogen requirements
খ
Preferential oxidation of lipids
গ
Fluid retention with associated Hypoalbuminaemia
ঘ
Insulin sensitive and glucose tolerance
ঙ
Increased adaptive ketogenesis
The following metabolic events occur in response to trauma
ক
Increased growth hormone
খ
Increased ACTH
গ
Increased urine osmolatity
ঘ
Decreased ADH
ঙ
Decreased glucagon
Hormones which play role during metabolic response to injury are
ক
Insulin
খ
Glucagon
গ
Testosterone
ঘ
Cholecystokinin
ঙ
Gastrin
Following are clinical feature of compensated shock
ক
Lactic Acidosis
খ
Increased pulse rate
গ
Decreased blood pressure
ঘ
Increased respiratory rate
ঙ
Decreased urine output
In following conditions DC shock can be given
ক
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia
খ
Atrial fibrillation
গ
Ventricular fibrillation
ঘ
Asystole
ঙ
EMD
Following conditions can result in obstructive shock
ক
Cardiac tamponade
খ
Massive pulmonary embolism
গ
Tension pneumothorax
ঘ
High spinal cord injury
ঙ
Severe burn
Compensated hypovolemic shock is characterized by
ক
Normal respiratory rate
খ
Tachycardia
গ
Anxiety
ঘ
Hypotension
ঙ
Low urine output
DC shock is given in the following conditions
ক
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia
খ
Ventricular fibrillation
গ
Atrial fibrillation
ঘ
Asystole
ঙ
Electromechanical dissociation
Rodent ulcer
ক
Is basal cell carcinoma
খ
Arises from basal layer of appendages
গ
Involves the cartilages and bones
ঘ
Majority of the lesions are found in the face
ঙ
Metastasizes to regional lymph nodes
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