Higher Study | Computer Networks | Concept of Layering

What is a stub network?
What frequency range is used for microwave communications, satellite and radar?
The picture shown above depicts which of the following concept of Network Security?
Assume that source S and destination D are connected through two intermediate routers labeled R. Determine how many times each packet has to visit the network layer and the data link layer during a transmission from S to D.
Assume that Source S and Destination D are connected through an intermediate router R. How many times a packet has to visit the network layer and data link layer during a transmission from S to D? 
What is the full form of PSTM?
NIC is a hardware component used to connect one computer to another computer in a network. What does the term NIC mean?
What is the use of the 'Ping' command?
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