Kanaquine
Kanaquine Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Mechanism of Action, How Long Does it Take to Work? Kanaquine is a brand name. Its generic name is Quinine.
Introduction
Kanaquine is a natural (or synthetic) alkaloid that possesses antipyretic, antimalarial, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antirheumatic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is usually found in cinchona bark, which has been part of traditional medicine in South America for centuries. In the 19th century, quinine was introduced into western medicine and it is currently used for treating and preventing malaria, babesiosis, and severe leg cramps. It is also used in combination with other antimalarial drugs in malaria treatment.
Uses for
Kanaquine is used to treat malaria, especially falciparum malaria. It is also used to prevent attacks of malaria in places where the disease is common. Other uses include the treatment of cramps, such as leg cramps, due to its muscle relaxant properties. It is also used as an adjunct treatment in some autoimmune diseases and for its antipyretic effects.
Mechanism of Action
Kanaquine's antimalarial activity is mainly due to its ability to block the digestion of hemoglobin by malaria parasites and thus disrupt the parasite's lytic cycle. Additionally, it has some immunomodulatory effects and acts as an anti-inflammatory agent. It also binds to the muscle cell receptors and produces a muscle relaxant effect.
How Long Does it Take to Work?
The effects of quinine usually begin to take effect shortly after administration, however its full effects may take up to 24-48 hours to manifest.
Absorption
Kanaquine is generally well absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations seen 2-3 hours after administration. Its bioavailability is increased when administered with a meal.
Route of Elimination
Kanaquine is primarily metabolized by the liver via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and is then excreted in the urine. The half-life of quinine is typically around 8-10 hours.
Dosage
The recommended dosage of quinine depends on the indication. For the treatment of malaria, the dose is typically 10-20 mg/kg/day orally in two to three divided doses usually for 5 to 7 days. For the prevention of malaria, the dose is typically 8-10 mg/kg/day orally. For muscle cramps, the dose is typically 302-324 mg per day orally. It is important for the dose to be titrated according to the patient’s symptoms and blood levels.
Administration
Kanaquine can be administered orally with or without food. The dose should be taken on an empty stomach and then followed by meals to decrease nausea and vomiting.
Side Effect
The most common side effects associated with quinine use include nausea, vomiting, and ringing in the ears (tinnitus). Other possible side effects include headache, dizziness, diarrhea, blurred vision, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, and skin rash. Kanaquine also has the potential to cause severe hypoglycemia, as well as thrombocytopenia, hypokalemia, and cardiac arrhythmias.
Toxicity
Kanaquine is toxic in high doses. In high doses, it can cause serious side effects such as arrhythmia, tinnitus, blurred vision, confusion, and even coma. Severe cases can also lead to acute kidney failure and death.
Precaution
Before using quinine, it is important to consult a physician and get a complete evaluation to ensure it is safe to use. Kanaquine should not be used in pregnant or breastfeeding women. People with allergies to cinchona bark or its derivatives should also avoid taking quinine. Additionally, people with severe kidney or liver diseases, G6PD deficiency, and those taking certain medications (such as fluoroquinolones and antibiotics) should also avoid taking the medication.
Interaction
Kanaquine can interact with a variety of medications and should not be taken in combination with some drugs. Such drugs include fluoroquinolones, erythromycin, ACE inhibitors, statins, and Warfarin. Additionally, quinine interacts with many herbs and vitamins, including St. John's wort, fish oil, and turmeric.
Disease Interaction
Kanaquine is contraindicated in people with severe kidney or liver diseases, as well as G6PD deficiency. It should also be used with caution in people with arrhythmias, seizure disorders, diabetes, or any other condition where the blood sugar levels are monitored.
Drug Interaction
Kanaquine can interact with a variety of medications and should not be taken in combination with some drugs. Such drugs include fluoroquinolones, erythromycin, ACE inhibitors, statins, and Warfarin.
Food Interactions
Kanaquine should not be taken with food that is high in fat or protein, as it can reduce its efficacy. Additionally, antacids can interact with quinine and should be avoided.
Pregnancy Use
Kanaquine should not be used during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. If a woman is pregnant and needs to take quinine, the benefits and risks should be weighed.
Lactation Use
Kanaquine should not be used while breastfeeding. If someone needs to take quinine and is breastfeeding, the benefits and risks should be weighed.
Acute Overdose
In the event of an overdose, treatment includes symptomatic measures, including gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and measures to control arrhythmias and seizures. Kanaquine serum concentrations should be monitored.
Contraindication
Kanaquine is contraindicated in people with severe kidney or liver diseases, as well as G6PD deficiency. It should also be used with caution in people with arrhythmias, seizure disorders, diabetes, or any other condition where the blood sugar levels are monitored.
Use Direction
Kanaquine should be taken according to particular instructions prescribed by a healthcare professional. The precise dosage depends on the indication, age, and weight of the patient. Kanaquine should be taken on an empty stomach and then followed by meals to decrease nausea and vomiting.
Storage Conditions
Kanaquine should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight or excessive heat. It should also be kept out of reach of children and pets.
Volume of Distribution
Kanaquine has a volume of distribution of approximately 1.2 L/kg.
Half Life
The half-life of quinine is typically around 8-10 hours.
Clearance
The clearance of quinine is approximately 5 mL/minute/kg.
Here you find in details version of Kanaquine
Some Frequently Asked Questions About Kanaquine
What is Kanaquine?
Kanaquine is an alkaloid found in the bark of the cinchona tree native to South America and known for its medicinal properties. It has long been used as an antipyretic and antimalarial agent and is still used for the treatment of malaria today.
Why is Kanaquine used?
Kanaquine is used as an antimalarial agent to treat and prevent malaria. It is also used for the prevention and treatment of leg cramps, symptomatic treatment of gout, and as an anti-inflammatory agent.
What diseases does Kanaquine treat?
Kanaquine is primarily used to treat and prevent malaria. It may also be used for the prevention and treatment of leg cramps, symptomatic treatment of gout, and as an anti-inflammatory agent.
How does Kanaquine work?
Kanaquine works by inhibiting the growth of the malaria parasite in the body. It also inhibits the production of isoprene, an essential metabolite for the survival of the malaria parasite.
Is Kanaquine safe to use?
When taken in proper dosages, Kanaquine is usually safe to use. However, it is important to discuss possible side effects with a doctor before taking Kanaquine and to be sure to follow the doctor's instructions.
Where can Kanaquine be purchased?
Kanaquine can be purchased from a pharmacy or from online retailers. It is important to note that in some countries, including the United States, it is illegal to purchase Kanaquine without a prescription.
What are the side effects of Kanaquine?
The most common side effects of Kanaquine include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, and visual disturbances. Other serious side effects include fever, chills, bloody stools, rash, or difficulty breathing. In some cases, Kanaquine can cause liver and kidney damage if used for more than seven days.
Who should not take Kanaquine?
People with kidney or liver problems, people with a history of allergies or skin rashes, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding, and people taking certain other medicines should not take Kanaquine.
What are some of the potential drug interactions of Kanaquine?
Kanaquine can interact with many other drugs and medications, including antibiotics, antifungals, anticoagulants, antidepressants, steroidal medications, and drugs to treat diabetes, heart arrhythmias, and other medical conditions. It is important to tell a doctor about all medications and supplements that are being taken.
How should Kanaquine be taken?
Kanaquine should be taken according to a doctor's instructions. It is usually taken orally in the form of a tablet or capsule, or as an injection or oral solution. For best results, Kanaquine should be taken with food or milk.
How long does it take for Kanaquine to work?
When taken as directed, Kanaquine should begin to take effect within 24 hours. However, it may take up to a week for it to reach its full therapeutic effect.
Can Kanaquine be taken long-term?
While some people may be able to take Kanaquine long-term with no problems, it is generally recommended that it be taken for short periods of time and only when absolutely necessary. Long-term use of Kanaquine may cause serious liver damage, and it should only be taken under the close supervision of a doctor.
Is Kanaquine addictive?
No, Kanaquine is not addictive. It is not considered a controlled substance, and there have been no reports of addiction in people taking it as prescribed.
What are the symptoms of an allergic reaction to Kanaquine?
The symptoms of an allergic reaction to Kanaquine include difficulty breathing, hives, swelling of the face, lips, throat, or tongue, rash, and itching. If any of these symptoms occur, it is important to seek immediate medical attention.
Should Kanaquine be taken with food?
Yes, Kanaquine should be taken with food or milk to reduce the chances of stomach discomfort or nausea. It is important to take it exactly as prescribed by a doctor.
What should be done in case of an overdose?
In case of an overdose of Kanaquine, it is important to seek immediate medical attention. Symptoms of an overdose may include dizziness, headache, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, or rapid breathing.
Does Kanaquine have any effects on pregnancy?
Kanaquine has not been found to be harmful to pregnant women. However, the effects of Kanaquine on unborn babies are not well understood and it should only be taken in the lowest possible dose and for the shortest amount of time, and only under the close supervision of a doctor.
Is Kanaquine safe for children?
Kanaquine is generally not recommended for children younger than 6 months of age. It is important to consult a doctor before giving Kanaquine to a child of any age.
What are the possible interactions between Kanaquine and alcohol?
Alcohol can increase the risk of side effects from Kanaquine. It is important to avoid drinking alcohol while taking Kanaquine, as excessive drinking can lead to an increased risk of liver damage.
What are the symptoms of Kanaquine toxicity?
The symptoms of Kanaquine toxicity include dizziness, headache, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, or rapid breathing. Other serious symptoms can include confusion, difficulty hearing, ringing in the ears, jaundice, and difficulty breathing.
Can Kanaquine cause hearing loss?
Yes, hearing loss can be a side effect of Kanaquine. It is important to tell a doctor if any changes in hearing occur while taking Kanaquine.
Can Kanaquine be found in foods or beverages?
Yes, Kanaquine is found naturally in tonic water and some other carbonated beverages, as well as in some foods such as marmalade. It is important to note that the amount of Kanaquine in these foods and beverages is usually too small to provide therapeutic benefits.
Is Kanaquine effective against other parasites?
Yes, research has shown that Kanaquine is effective against a range of other parasites, including the malaria parasite Plasmodium ovale and many species of amoeba. It is not yet known to be effective against other parasites, such as Giardia.
What other drugs might interact with Kanaquine?
Kanaquine can interact with many other drugs and medications, including antibiotics, antifungals, anticoagulants, antidepressants, steroidal medications, and drugs to treat diabetes, heart arrhythmia, and other medical conditions. It is important to tell a doctor about all medications and supplements that are being taken.
What is cinchona bark and why is it used in Kanaquine?
Cinchona bark is the dried bark of the cinchona tree, which is native to South America. The bark contains alkaloids, which are compounds that are believed to be responsible for the medicinal properties of Kanaquine. The bark is collected, dried, and can then be processed to extract the medicines, such as Kanaquine, found in the cinchona bark.
What is the difference between Kanaquine and Chloroquine?
Kanaquine and Chloroquine are both antimalarial drugs. The main difference between them is that Chloroquine is synthetic and Kanaquine is derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree. Chloroquine is more commonly used today than Kanaquine for the treatment of malaria.
What are the possible long-term effects of taking Kanaquine?
Long-term use of Kanaquine can lead to serious liver and kidney damage and should only be taken for the shortest amount of time and in the smallest possible dose under the close supervision of a doctor. Other long-term effects may include hearing loss, ringing in the ears, jaundice, blurred vision, nausea, and vomiting.
What is the shelf life of Kanaquine?
The shelf life of Kanaquine depends on the form in which it is stored. For example, Kanaquine tablets or capsules can last for up to two years, while the liquid form can last for only one year. It is important to check the expiration date on any medicine before taking it.
Is Kanaquine available in generic or brand name medication?
Kanaquine is available in both generic and brand name forms. It is important to discuss the available options with a doctor to determine which one is right for you.
What is the correct dosage of Kanaquine?
The correct dosage of Kanaquine depends on the individual, the severity of the medical condition being treated, and other factors. It is important to seek medical advice to determine the correct dosage for your situation.
Are there alternatives to Kanaquine for treating malaria?
Yes, there are several alternatives to Kanaquine for treating malaria, including Chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine, and artemether-lumefantrine. It is important to discuss all available treatment options with a doctor to determine the best option for your situation.
Can Kanaquine be used to treat lupus?
Kanaquine has been used to treat some symptoms of lupus, such as persistent muscle pain and stiffness. However, it is not a cure for lupus and it should only be used in combination with other treatments under the close supervision of a doctor.
What other uses is Kanaquine known for?
In addition to being used to treat malaria, Kanaquine is also known for its role in treating leg cramps, reducing inflammation, and for its potential anti-cancer effects. It is also used as a flavoring in tonic water and other carbonated beverages.
What is the recommended dosage of Kanaquine for leg cramps?
The recommended dosage of Kanaquine for treating leg cramps will depend on the individual. Generally, the dosage will range from 200 to 300 milligrams, three times daily. It is important to consult a doctor to determine the correct dosage for your situation.
Can Kanaquine be taken with other medications?
Yes, Kanaquine can be taken with other medications. However, it is important to tell a doctor about all medications and supplements being taken, as some may interact with Kanaquine and increase the risk of side effects.
Does Kanaquine have any effect on cholesterol?
Yes, studies have shown that Kanaquine can reduce levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which is the "bad" cholesterol, while increasing levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol. It is important to discuss any cholesterol concerns with a doctor before taking Kanaquine.
Is Kanaquine safe to take while breastfeeding?
No, Kanaquine is not recommended for women who are breastfeeding. It is believed that Kanaquine passes into the breast milk and can cause side effects in the nursing baby. It is important to consult a doctor before taking Kanaquine while breastfeeding.
Can Kanaquine be taken with anti-inflammatory medications?
Yes, Kanaquine can be taken with anti-inflammatory medications. However, it is important to let a doctor know about all other medications being taken, as some medications may interact with Kanaquine and increase the risk of side effects.
What is the recommended dosage of Kanaquine for gout?
The recommended dosage of Kanaquine for treating gout will depend on the individual. Generally, the dosage will range from 200 to 400 milligrams, three times daily. It is important to consult a doctor to determine the correct dosage for your situation.
Can Kanaquine be used as an anti-inflammatory agent?
Yes, Kanaquine has anti-inflammatory properties and has been found to be effective in reducing inflammation in some studies. However, it is important to consult a doctor before taking Kanaquine for its anti-inflammatory effects.